Drug-eluting stents (DES) have revolutionized the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), significantly reducing the incidence of restenosis compared to bare-metal stents (BMS). Advances in stent technology, including improvements in polymer coatings, drug-elution profiles, and stent platforms, have enhanced long-term outcomes. This review focuses on the long-term efficacy and safety of DES, highlighting innovations in stent design and materials that aim to further reduce the risks of late restenosis, stent thrombosis, and the need for repeat revascularization. Challenges such as late stent thrombosis, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) duration, and the emergence of bioresorbable stents are also discussed.

Robotic-assisted cardiovascular surgery has emerged as a transformative approach in the surgical management of complex cardiovascular diseases. Offering enhanced precision, smaller incisions, and improved recovery times, robotic systems such as the da Vinci Surgical System have been widely adopted for procedures ranging from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) to mitral valve repair. This review explores the latest advances in robotic-assisted cardiovascular surgery, current techniques, clinical outcomes, and future developments. Challenges, including the learning curve, high costs, and the need for specialized training, are discussed alongside the potential for further integration of robotics into mainstream cardiovascular care.

The field of cardiovascular surgery has undergone a paradigm shift with the emergence of hybrid procedures that integrate catheter-based interventions and traditional surgical techniques. These procedures aim to optimize patient outcomes by leveraging the benefits of minimally invasive catheter-based techniques and the durability of surgical interventions. Hybrid approaches are increasingly used in the treatment of complex cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, aortic valve disease, and congenital heart defects. This article reviews the current state of hybrid cardiovascular procedures, their clinical indications, and the challenges faced in their implementation. The future of hybrid cardiovascular surgery looks promising, with ongoing advancements in technology and procedural techniques likely to expand its applications.

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains the gold standard for treating complex coronary artery disease, particularly in multivessel disease and left main coronary artery involvement. Traditionally performed through median sternotomy, CABG has evolved toward minimally invasive techniques aimed at reducing surgical trauma and enhancing recovery. This review explores the current trends in minimally invasive CABG, including robotic-assisted procedures and hybrid approaches, as well as future perspectives for this evolving field. Despite the numerous benefits of minimally invasive CABG, challenges such as patient selection, learning curves, and cost remain. Ongoing advancements in surgical techniques and technology will be crucial for expanding the adoption of minimally invasive CABG.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is one of the most prevalent valvular heart diseases worldwide, significantly impacting morbidity and mortality. Surgical mitral valve repair remains the gold standard for treating severe MR, but a large subset of patients are not surgical candidates due to comorbidities and increased surgical risks. Percutaneous mitral valve repair (PMVR), particularly with the MitraClip device, has emerged as a less invasive alternative, offering hope to high-risk patients. Despite its successes, PMVR faces challenges, including patient selection, residual MR, and long-term durability. This article reviews the current landscape of PMVR, its clinical outcomes, and ongoing challenges.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has revolutionized the treatment of aortic stenosis, offering a less invasive alternative to surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Initially reserved for high-risk and inoperable patients, TAVR has seen a rapid expansion in indications, including intermediate-risk and now low-risk populations. Recent clinical trials demonstrate the safety and efficacy of TAVR in low-risk patients, leading to shifts in clinical guidelines. This review explores the evolution of TAVR indications, focusing on its application in low-risk patients, clinical outcomes, and future directions.