Diet and nutrition are fundamental determinants of cardiovascular health, influencing the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their progression. This article reviews the current evidence on the impact of various dietary patterns and nutrients on cardiovascular health. We explore the role of specific diets, such as the Mediterranean and DASH diets, and individual nutrients, including fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, in promoting cardiovascular health. The article also discusses the implications of these findings for clinical practice and public health policy.

The treatment of calcified coronary artery lesions remains a significant challenge in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Heavy calcification often results in poor stent expansion, incomplete lesion preparation, and increased procedural complications. Intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) is an innovative technology that uses sonic pressure waves to fracture calcified plaques, facilitating optimal stent deployment. This review explores the mechanism of IVL, clinical evidence, safety profile, and its potential role in modern PCI practice.

Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) represent a promising advancement in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD), providing temporary mechanical support to the vessel during healing and gradually dissolving thereafter. This technology aims to overcome some limitations of traditional drug-eluting stents (DES), including permanent foreign-body implantation and late-stent thrombosis. This article reviews the design principles, clinical outcomes, challenges, and future prospects of BVS in CAD treatment.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke, often necessitating lifelong anticoagulation therapy. However, many patients face challenges with anticoagulation, such as bleeding risks or non-compliance. The left atrial appendage (LAA), a known site for thrombus formation in AF, can be targeted through percutaneous closure as an alternative strategy for stroke prevention. This review examines the efficacy and safety of LAA closure devices, particularly focusing on long-term stroke reduction, procedural success, and patient selection criteria.

Introduction: Ascariasis is commonly seen in tropical areas. Surgical conditions caused by Ascaris infestation vary from small intestinal obstruction, volvulus, intussusception to perforation mostly seen in the ileum. Ascariasis although may occur at any age, it is more commonly seen in children 2 to 10 years old, however prevalence after the age of 15 years decreases.

Method: This was a prospective study of childhood intestinal obstruction due to ascaris lumbricoides over a period of 1 year. The patients included in the study were only those children who presented with intestinal obstruction with documented evidence of roundworm infestation admitted and managed in the department of general surgery. Data were analysed  for age, gender, clinical features, management.

Results: One hundred and three patients with intestinal obstruction due to Ascaris lumbricoides were treated in one year at our centre. Most of the children were in the 4 to 8 years age group, with peak occurrence at 5 to 6 years of age. 48 (46.60%) children had abdominal distension of varying degrees, 50 (48.54%) had abdominal mass due to bolus of worms, and six (5.83%) had features of dehydration. Eighty-seven children (84.47%)responded favourably to conservative management.16 children who had emergency surgery, seven had bolus of worms, six had volvulus and gangrene of small bowel, two had ileal perforation  and one had appendicular perforation.

Conclusion: In conclusion, intestinal obstruction due to ascariasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in our part of world and uses major part of our hospital resources. Early diagnosis, proper conservative management and early surgical intervention when needed helps in reducing this morbidity and mortality.

Abstract -Indian medical graduate(IMG) should have holistic approach towards learning pandemic module F.1 as a part of Foundation course for MBBS.

Aim-This study provide platform and students reactions towards learning and implementing pandemic module.

Material & method-Study was carried out on 300 students of phase I over 2years with the help of pre-test and post test questionnaire and feedback and result was analysed.

Conclusion- Preparing the medical students from phase I is learned decision; it may bridge the gap between preparedness and alleviate pandemic in future

Chronic infections are a significant burden on global health, disproportionately affecting children in low- and middle-income countries. These infections contribute to growth impairments, including stunting, wasting, and underweight, which are closely linked to prolonged inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, and malnutrition. This prospective study investigated the impact of chronic infections such as tuberculosis, HIV, and helminthiasis on pediatric growth outcomes over two years in a cohort of 1,200 children aged 0–14 years. Clinical assessments, laboratory markers, and anthropometric parameters were analyzed to establish the relationship between chronic infections and growth disorders.

Findings revealed a high prevalence of stunting (45%), wasting (20%), and underweight (35%) in children with chronic infections, with tuberculosis showing the most significant impact on linear growth. Laboratory investigations demonstrated elevated levels of inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α), reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and altered cortisol levels, indicating the role of systemic inflammation and endocrine disruption in growth impairment. Growth velocity in infected children was 30% lower than in healthy controls.

This study underscores the urgent need for integrated strategies addressing infection management, nutritional supplementation, and hormonal support to mitigate growth impairments in affected children. Future research should prioritize biomarker development for early detection, longitudinal studies on reversibility of growth deficits, and multidisciplinary interventions to improve pediatric health outcomes.

Chronic infections in pediatric populations significantly impact growth and development, leading to long-term physical and cognitive impairments. These infections are characterized by persistent immune activation and systemic inflammation, which disrupt critical biological processes essential for growth, such as hormonal regulation and nutrient absorption. This study, conducted over a 12-month period at Maheshwara Medical College & Hospital, Chitkul, Hyderabad, explored the relationship between chronic infections and pediatric growth disorders in 150 children with chronic infections and 50 healthy controls. Anthropometric, biochemical, and radiological assessments revealed significant growth impairments, elevated inflammatory markers, and altered endocrine function in the affected children. Findings showed a 40% reduction in growth velocity, lower serum IGF-1 levels, elevated TSH and cortisol, and higher levels of CRP and ESR in the chronic infection group. Nutritional deficiencies and delayed bone age were also prominent. This study underscores the need for integrated clinical management and targeted interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of chronic infections on pediatric growth. Future research should focus on developing biomarkers, precision medicine approaches, and public health strategies to address the global burden of chronic infection-related growth disorders.

Introduction: Introduction: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disorder primarily affecting preterm neonates, characterized by intestinal inflammation and necrosis. Despite advances in neonatal care, it remains a significant contributor to morbidity, mortality, and long-term complications. Microbial dysbiosis and clinical factors are pivotal in NEC pathogenesis, yet their interactions are not fully understood.

Methodology: A prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted across four NICUs, enrolling 450 preterm infants (≤32 weeks gestational age). Clinical data were collected on antenatal and postnatal risk factors, feeding practices, and outcomes. Stool samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess microbial diversity and composition. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with NEC.

Results: Fifty infants (11.1%) developed NEC. Infants with NEC showed significantly reduced microbial diversity, dominated by pathogenic taxa such as Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridia, with decreased beneficial genera like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Key risk factors included low birth weight, chorioamnionitis, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and formula feeding. Reduced microbial diversity at admission was independently associated with NEC (OR 3.5, p<0.001).

Conclusion: This study underscores the interplay between microbial dysbiosis and clinical risk factors in NEC development. Findings suggest the potential for microbiome-targeted interventions and emphasize the importance of breastfeeding and judicious antibiotic use in reducing NEC incidence.

Introduction: Introduction: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disorder primarily affecting preterm neonates, characterized by intestinal inflammation and necrosis. Despite advances in neonatal care, it remains a significant contributor to morbidity, mortality, and long-term complications. Microbial dysbiosis and clinical factors are pivotal in NEC pathogenesis, yet their interactions are not fully understood.

Methodology: A prospective, multicenter cohort study was conducted across four NICUs, enrolling 450 preterm infants (≤32 weeks gestational age). Clinical data were collected on antenatal and postnatal risk factors, feeding practices, and outcomes. Stool samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing to assess microbial diversity and composition. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors associated with NEC.

Results: Fifty infants (11.1%) developed NEC. Infants with NEC showed significantly reduced microbial diversity, dominated by pathogenic taxa such as Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridia, with decreased beneficial genera like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Key risk factors included low birth weight, chorioamnionitis, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and formula feeding. Reduced microbial diversity at admission was independently associated with NEC (OR 3.5, p<0.001).

Conclusion: This study underscores the interplay between microbial dysbiosis and clinical risk factors in NEC development. Findings suggest the potential for microbiome-targeted interventions and emphasize the importance of breastfeeding and judicious antibiotic use in reducing NEC incidence.

Background: Systemic diseases often present with nonspecific symptoms, making early diagnosis challenging. Salivary biomarkers have emerged as a non-invasive and promising diagnostic tool. This study aims to evaluate the role of salivary biomarkers in diagnosing systemic diseases and their correlation with clinical parameters.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the GCRG Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, from January 2018 to December 2018. Saliva samples from 200 patients diagnosed with systemic diseases (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune disorders) and 50 healthy controls were analyzed for salivary biomarkers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), cortisol, and glucose. Biomarker levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Pearson's correlation coefficient and p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results: Significant differences in salivary biomarkers were observed between patients and controls. Mean levels of CRP, IL-6, cortisol, and glucose were significantly higher in patients (15.8 µg/mL, 12.4 pg/mL, 15.4 µg/dL, 28.6 mg/dL, respectively) compared to controls (3.2 µg/mL, 2.8 pg/mL, 7.8 µg/dL, 5.4 mg/dL, respectively), with strong positive correlations (r > 0.75, p < 0.001). ROC curve analysis showed excellent diagnostic performance, with areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.91 for CRP, 0.89 for IL-6, 0.87 for cortisol, and 0.92 for glucose. Sensitivity ranged from 83% to 90%, and specificity ranged from 82% to 86%.

Conclusion: Salivary biomarkers demonstrate significant potential in diagnosing systemic diseases. The findings support the utility of salivary diagnostics as a non-invasive, cost-effective alternative to traditional diagnostic methods. Further longitudinal studies are required to validate these biomarkers for disease monitoring and treatment evaluation.

Cirrhosis of the liver is a chronic condition marked by progressive hepatic damage and impaired liver function. This study focuses on the biochemical and nutritional profiles in patients with liver cirrhosis, with an emphasis on liver function tests (LFTs), iron status, and vitamin B12 levels. The findings aim to highlight the metabolic derangements associated with cirrhosis and their implications for clinical management. Additionally, this study explores the relationship between these parameters and the severity of cirrhosis as classified by the Child-Pugh score [1, 3]. Understanding these biochemical and nutritional changes can aid in developing targeted therapeutic strategies, improving patient outcomes, and reducing the morbidity associated with cirrhosis. This research emphasizes the need for routine monitoring and timely intervention to address these imbalances.