Introduction- Coronary artery ectasia and aneurysm is an uncommon angiographic finding, which involves a part or complete length of the coronary artery. It leads to significant cardiovascular outcomes and is considered a risk factor for coronary artery thrombosis. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of coronary artery ectasia and aneurysm, their segmental involvement, and clinical presentation in patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Material and methods- We did a cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of 1764 coronary angiograms performed between July 2019 to June 2020. Segmental involvement of coronary artery ectasia and aneurysm is studied in patients with and without CAD. Results- Prevalence of isolated aneurysm was 1.1%, isolated ectasiawas 20.2%, and ectasia with the aneurysm was 2.9%. Prevalence of aneurysm was similar between CAD and non-CAD group (1.2 vs. 1.1%, p < 1.000). Prevalence of aneurysm with ectasia was also similar between CAD and non-CAD groups (2.9 vs. 3.2%, p = 0.785). The prevalence of isolated ectasia was more in the CAD vs. non-CAD group ( 22 vs. 13.7%, p < 0.001). Most commonly, coronary artery aneurysm and ectasia are presented as NSTEMI (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction) followed by STEMI (ST-elevation myocardial infarction). Conclusion- Coronary artery ectasia is more common than aneurysms. Isolated coronary ectasiawas prevalent in patients with coexisting coronary artery disease, unlike the aneurysm. Coronary artery ectasia and aneurysm most commonly presented as NSTEMI, followed by STEMI.

Background: Coronavirus has been found to interact with and affect the cardiovascular system leading to myocardial damage and cardiac and endothelial dysfunction. Respiratory symptoms are worse in COVID-19 affected patients with pre-existing cardiac ailments; however, new-onset cardiac dysfunction is common in this subset. Most patients with COVID-19 have cardiac symptoms like chest pain, palpitations along respiratory symptoms. Methods: It is a single-center observational study. This study was conducted in tertiary health care from May 2020 to December 2020(9 months) with COVID-19 infection having cardiac symptoms. The patient’s clinical features, electrocardiogram (ECG), Echocardiography, cardiac biomarkers, hematological and biochemical parameters are studied in detail. Result: The mean age of the patients was 48±16 years. Male: Female ratio was 7:3. The percentage of onset of cardiac dysfunction was more in the less than 40year age group compared to other age groups. Nearly 46.7% of people have co-morbidities such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and COPD. In the study population, elevated levels of biomarkers were noted. Abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were observed. The recovery rate from COVID-19 with cardiac manifestation was observed to be 76.7% in our study population. Conclusion: Cardiac injury is a common condition among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, and it is associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality. A combined evaluation of cardiac biomarkers with ECG and ECHO findings is likely to give a better picture of the severity of cardiac function in newly onset of cardiac dysfunction due to COVID-19 infection for better management and prognosis

Background: Regulatory T (TReg) cells expressing the transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) are naturally present in the immune system. They are indispensable for the maintenance of dominant self-tolerance and immune-homo stasis. Their dysfunction (for example, owing to FOXP3 gene mutation) causes fatal autoimmune disease, immuno pathology and allergy1. FOXP3+ TReg cells, most of which are CD4+ T cells that express CD25 (the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor α-chain), can suppress the activation, proliferation and effector functions — such as cytokine production — of a wide range of immune cells, including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, natural killer(NK) and NKT cells, B cells and antigen- presenting cells (APCs) in vitro and in vivo.

Background: - Typhoid fever is a disease caused by salmonella typhi, a gram-negative bacillus. Ileal perforation is a common drawback seen in tropical countries. The commonest cause is typhoid fever. In western countries, the causes are malignancy, trauma, and mechanical ethology. Intestinal perforation is a common cause of the occurrence of peritonitis necessitating emergency surgical intervention.

Methods: - An observational study was conducted on 50 cases of typhoid ileal perforation admitted in the Department of Surgery, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi during the period of November 2019 to September 2021. The study aimed to find out the presentation, management, outcome, and factors influencing the outcome of patients admitted with ileal perforation

Results: - Typhoid ileal perforation commonly occurred in the second and third decades with 62% of cases in that age group. Abdominal pain, fever, and vomiting were the commonest symptoms. The commonest signs were dehydration, abdominal tenderness, guarding, and intra-abdominal free fluid. Pneumoperitoneum in the chest and erect abdominal X-ray was seen in 78% of patients. The Widal test was positive in 22 patients out of 40 tested (55%). The histopathological report was suggestive of typhoid in three patients (20% of tested). Ileostomy was the commonest procedure done (64%). Two-layer closure was done in 24% and resection and anastomosis in 8% of patients. The mortality rate was 14%.

Conclusion: - Typhoid is the most common cause of Ileal perforation with male preponderance. Widal serology has been proven to be a useful test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever. Typhoid perforations have a higher morbidity rate. The type of surgical procedure did not influence the outcome, either morbidity or mortality.

Background: One of the most prevalent viral children illnesses in the world, chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a major factor in hearing loss in settings with minimal resources. In environments with plenty of resources, it is less common. Chronic middle ear drainage linked to tympanic membrane (TM) perforation is its defining feature. Acute otitis media frequently occurs prior to CSOM (AOM). The long-term consequences of COM-related hearing loss on language development, communication, and the educational process make it a serious concern. It is estimated that developing nations account for two thirds of the global population with hearing impairments. The present study was intended to assess the surgical outcomes in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media who has undergone surgery at our tertiary care hospital. Methodology: The present prospective hospital based observation study was conducted in the department of ENT at our tertiary care hospital. The study was approved by institutional ethical committee. The data were collected by the active participation of the patients’ interview by the preformed proforma of data collection sheet and then data were gathered and tabulated. Detail history, physical examination and relevant investigations were done pre-operatively and post-operatively. Post-operative follow up after 1month and 3 months were done.

Results: The present study included a total of 50 patients aged between 10 years to 50 years based on inclusion and exclusion criteria who presented with CSOM and underwent surgical procedure. Out of the 50 patients enrolled 33 were males and 17 were females. Majority of the patients were in the age group 10-20 years. It is evident from the table 2 that 32% presented with postero-superior perforation, 36% with attic perforation, 96% discharge, 38% aural polyp, 46% granulation tissue. The most commonest clinical presentation was discharge. It is evident from table 3 that at one month and three months follow ups 16%, 12% had discharging ear, 24% and 22% had dry ear, 2% and 0% had

granulation tissue, 84% and 86% had improved hearing, 10% and 8% had unchanged and 6% and 6% had deteriorated hearing loss.

Conclusion: In this study, most CSOM cases occur in the age range of 10-20 years. The most frequent clinical presentation is otorrhea. Hearing loss arising from COM is a matter of serious concern because of its long-term effects on communication, language development and educational process. Early diagnosis and intervention by skilled Otologist is recommended to regain hearing as well as to prevent disability and complications.

Aim: The present study was done to find out the association between the periodontal status and oral mucosal lesions among smokeless tobacco users in small scale industries of Chennai. Settings and Design: cross sectional analytical study. Methods and Materials: A stratified random sampling of 750 small scale industrial workers from the five strata were examined to assess the prevalence of periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesions associated with the use of smokeless tobacco. Periodontal status was assessed by Community periodontal index (CPI and LA), while smokeless tobacco-induced oral mucosal lesions were graded using a method developed by Greer and Poulson. Statistical analysis used: Spearman rank correlation analysis was applied to assess the correlation between smokeless tobacco usage, periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesions in small scale industrial study subjects. Results: There existed a positive correlation between the periodontal disease status along with loss of attachment and the daily frequency of the tobacco usage habit. Smokeless tobacco induced lesions were mostly observed among subjects who indulged in combination of all the Smokeless tobacco use habits, which showed a highly significant association. Conclusions: The present study showed a positive correlation between prevalence of periodontal disease and oral mucosal lesions among smokeless tobacco users in small scale industries. The results of this study can be implied in planning health education, oral health programs and free services for tobacco cessation and dental treatment, especially to the industrial sector.

Metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome are considered as major risk factor for acute cardiovascular events,. Adiponectin, a crucial molecule in metabolic disorders, has anti-atherogenic characteristics. Future myocardial infarction risk and coronary artery disease (CAD) are linked to low plasma adiponectin levels.

Metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome are considered as major risk factor for acute cardiovascular events, Adiponectin, a crucial molecule in metabolic disorders, has anti-atherogenic characteristics. Future myocardial infarction risk and coronary artery disease (CAD) are linked to low plasma adiponectin levels.